A smartphone-based real time and adaptive intervention to encourage people with type 2 diabetes sit less and move more

INTERVENTION: A micro‐randomised trial (MRT) will be conducted. Intervention duration will be 42 days continuously. Objectives: To evaluate a smartphone‐based just‐in‐time adaptive intervention (JITAI) to interrupt sedentary behaviour (SB) and promote physical activity (PA). Aims: 1‐ To assess the proximal and distal effects of each intervention component. 2‐ To identify how the effect of the intervention changes over time. 3‐ To identify factors (e.g., contextual) that moderate the effect of intervention components. Randomization: The following probabilities is used for randomization: 70% in the intervention (35% Sit Less, 35% Move More) and 30% as active control at that particular decision point (please see below). Procedure: A user‐friendly Android smartphone app (called iMove) and a prototype activity tracker developed by our team will be used. Motivational messages, in the form of notifications, will be used as “intervention components”. The length of intervention messages will be varied taking between 8 to 15 seconds read. There will be 2 “intervention options”; a sedentary interruption (Sit Less) and a walking PA intervention (Move More), as well as 1 control (no messages). Participants can select “Switch Off” messages for a certain amount of time in a particular day. Notification messages will be contextually adapted (based on location, weather and time of day), and delivered at 5 times throughout a day (see “decision points or times” section). Messages to interrupt SB will encourage participants to stand up and move. PA messages will aim to increase walking by 2 to 6 minutes. At each decision point, participants will be randomized only if they are available, meaning that they are not driving, not sleeping, not already active, CONDITION: Metabolic and Endocrine ‐ Diabetes type 2 diabetes;sedentary behaviour;physical activity; ; type 2 diabetes ; sedentary behaviour ; physical activity PRIMARY OUTCOME: Proximal outcome 2:; Time spent walking (Tw) within 1 hour after sending the push notification.; Tw will be recorded using a prototype sensor.[Multiple time points; Five times (morning, lunchtime, afternoon, late afternoon, evening) per day during 42 days.] Proximal outcome 1:; Time spent standing (Ts) within 1 hour after sending the push notification.; Ts will be recorded using a prototype sensor.[Multiple time points:; Five times (morning, lunchtime, afternoon, late afternoon, evening) per day during 42 days.] Proximal outcome 3:; Time spent sitting (Tsit) within 1 hour after sending the push notification.; Tsit will be recorded using a prototype sensor.[Multiple time points; Five times (morning, lunchtime, afternoon, late afternoon, evening) per day during 42 days.] SECONDARY OUTCOME: Average sitting time ; ; A prototype activity tracker (called SORD) will be used to measure sitting time. SORD communicates with the iMove app to collect sitting data and send them to the main server via the internet. [Daily for 6 weeks after starting the intervention] Average standing time ; ; A prototype activity tracker (called SORD) will be used to measure standing time. SORD communicates with the iMove app to collect sitting data and send them to the main server via the internet. [Daily for 6 weeks after starting the intervention] Average walking time ; ; ; ; ; ; ; A prototype activity tracker (called SORD) will be used to measure walking time. SORD communicates with the iMove app to collect sitting data and send them to the main server via the internet. [Daily for 6 weeks after starting the intervention] Total sitting time ; A prototype activity tracker (called SORD) will be used to measure sitting time. SORD communicates with the iMove app to collect sitting data and send them to the main server via the internet. [Total time spent sitting over 6 weeks after starting the intervention] Total time spent not sitting (standing + walking) ; A prototype activity tracker (called SORD) will be used to measure standing and walking time. SORD communicates with the iMove app to collect sitting data and send them to the main server via the internet. [Total time spent being active (standing+walking) over 6 weeks after starting the intervention] Total walking time ; A prototype activity tracker (called SORD) will be used to measure walking time. SORD communicates with the iMove app to collect sitting data and send them to the main server via the internet. [Total time spent walking over 6 weeks after starting the intervention] Total standing time ; A prototype activity tracker (called SORD) will be used to measure standing time. SORD communicates with the iMove app to collect sitting data and send them to the main server via the internet. [Total time spent standing over 6 weeks after starting the intervention] Average time spent not sitting (standing + walking) ; A prototype activity tracker (called SORD) will be used to measure standing and walking time. SORD communicates with the iMove app to collect sitting data and send them to the main server via the internet. [Daily for 6 weeks after starting the intervention] INCLUSION CRITERIA: Eligible participants will be adults with type 2 diabetes, aged 35 to 65 years, own an Android smartphone (version 5.0 or higher) and currently interact or engage with apps, have no limitation (including physical problems and medical complications) to engage in low‐intensity and moderate intensity PA, are able to communicate in English, and can provide informed consent.